Education in
the French State
Republic of
France is a country of its territory is located in Western Europe. However ,
France also has a lot of territorial across oceans around the world . From the
histiros , Peracis is a political unit which is united by ancient Roman
invaders , therefore some aspects of life was to some extent will be affected
opleh roman nation . As for the terms of the language , the French have a
national language is French. Given a bit of common language with the language
of Italy, Portugal , and Spain , then France , including being part of the
Latin countries .
The new French government system began to develop during the
Third Republic ( 19th Century ) which is characterized by the progress achieved
through the ideas of social thought , political , economic , including
education initiated by the middle class . The reforms turned out to be able to
transform France into a figure of a developed nation and a respected European
arena . Social and political kamajuan experienced by France has been linked
with the provision of education with a variety of educational development
undertaken by the government and the French people themselves.
Development of the education system since the end of the
19th century , when Jules Ferry , the owner 's attorney's office of the Minister
Penajaran Public ( Minister of Public Instruction) made a new breakthrough in
the development of education in France that created the school Republicans
modern to accommodate all children under the age of 15 year , requiring
education for the people , and that education is free ( free of charge) and
cellular ( Laique ) .Sesuai regulations in " La loi d' orientation sur
l'éducation No. 89-486 dated July 10, 1989 " Education is the first affair
in the French national priorities . Education is a right and obligation for
children ages 6 to 16 years so that all costs are the sole responsibility of
the government.
In general , education in France today takes place centrally
. The management is centralized to some extent influenced by the political
system and the history of his administration repeatedly more centralized as
well. The purpose of the centralized here that education is focused entirely on
the government . Thus , the Ministry of Education ( Iasa called the Ministry of
National Education ) has an urgent role in the advancement of education as a
whole . In addition , the government also stressed the existence of compulsory
16 years with the implementation of the free school system for every level of
education .
Centralized provision of education by the government is futher divides education into three levels, namely basic education, secondary education, higher education. For the discussion as follows :
1. Primary Education
In primary education , starting from
kindergarten ( Ecole Maternelle ) as the pre-school level. A child who is 2
years old is already allowed in kindergarten . Pre-school education is divided into three
levels , namely : small, medium , and large . At this stage, children are introduced practice how to live in groups , emphasis simple skills , and literacy and numeracy . System of teaching in kindergarten itself starts
at 09:00 ( am) to 17.00 ( afternoon ) . This system is adopted for general employees in
France worked from 09:00 to 5:00 p.m. , with notes Saturday and Sunday off .As long as the child is in the school room (
09:00 to 17:00 ) they are entirely under the care and guidance of teachers . Among the study hours that they (the children )
were given lunch , and sometimes there are events nap .So , the parents handed her when to go to work and pick him up again when I go home ( Matrisoni . 2005).
As for primary education ,
starting at age 6 and lasts for 5 years , namely : preparatory classes ( CPI ), the base class - 1 ( CE - 1 ), the base class - 2 ( CE - 2 ),medium ( CM -
1 ) , and medium ( Cm - 2 ). The main purpose of basic
education is to teach children about the life of society anaka , providing the
ability to read and count with the preparation of choosing to continue
secondary education ( Lyceesdan Colleges ) .Education is obliged to incorporate the interests of basic education and enjoyment , or play as an approach that proved successful in children ( Rohman , 2010) . Children in kindergarten and elementary school is exempt from payment , and obtaining fur lesson books for free.
2. Secondary Education
Secondary education in France is divided into
two, namely College (junior high school) and Lycée (high school level). At the
junior secondary education, children learn for 4 years and at the end of Untik
children are given the opportunity to choose a major to high school (SLA =
Lycee). At this level too learners are free of charge and the books students
are free. Vocational education in a more limited form has existed since the
beginning. Directorate of Vocational Education to provide experts in the field
of industry and trade, therefore, the school of art and skill, trade, industry,
and other specialists are now considered as vocational education and can be
entered after the seventh year of basic education. In addition, it develops
adult vocational education which opens the program part time to give a chance to students who have worked to keep students who want to study or while working (Thut and Adams, 2005).
As for secondary education (Lycee) applied for 3 years, namely: class 2, class 1 and class terminal with tetep maintaining fundamental education are relatively homogenous in all departments. Since the first year there are three departments, namely: Literature, Natural Sciences (IPA) and its Science and Engineering Industry / Science Engineering, and Engineering Economics. At the end of high school, students who pass receive a diploma Baccoloreat that can be used for entry into university or preparatory classes in high school. For professional schools, as well as vocational schools in Indonesia, which provides professional education after graduating grade 3. Lessons are given is practical and theoretical education for 2-3 years. After graduation, awarded the certificate of professional skills (SKP) and High Technical Diploma (DTT). Usually in the second year are given theoretical lessons and practices in schools and enterprises. However, both the College Lycee both equally aims to prepare students for the baccalaureate exams (Thut and Adams, 2005).
3. Higher Education
Higher education needs to be aware that there is
a division of higher education in France , which is between high schools ( grandes ecoles )
and universities. High schools ( grandes ecoles ) is considered
more prestigious than the university is generally regarded as a much more selective and inclusive public
system fatherly resolve most academic research in France . The difference is that in the University is
under the Ministry of Youth , National Education and Research under the
Ministry while Grandes Ecoledi Technical corresponding treated area .Education at the University of general theoretical and technical nature while the Grandes Ecoles ( Matrisoni , 2005) .
Glaring characteristic of higher education in
France and other countries that their small size and reliability diversity . In the sense THAT physically , buildings that exist in France is small and the amount that included a little , tetepi in quality that higher education in France is prioritizing the most out of every aspect of learning in each department .
Another characteristic of the higher education in France are on the organization and processing systems . In 1968 has defined three principles that underlie the organization of higher education in France , namely :
a. University autonomy in the areas of finance , administration , and science education.
b.The participation of students, faculty, and
the academic community at all election activities (Council uer , Dewa University ) .
c. Multidisiplinaritas so as to avoid narrow specialization .
So important role of education in progress for
France alone . If we read a book called France published by the French Ministry
of Foreign Affairs ( Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres ) , noted that in France
there are more than 20 million students are studying in 2004-2005 . This amount is quite amazing for a quarter of
the French population , which is around 80 million inhabitants. In 2004 no less
than 70 billion dollars ( US ) has been budgeted for education . This amounts to 23 percent of the total annual
budget of the Government of France , an education budget that is the largest in
the world.
The education system in France also provides
data as a country that is the number of workers engaged in the field of
education is quite large, about 1.7 million employees with the status of civil
servants working in the field of education (Matrisoni, 2005).
On the earnings of a teacher in France, for a
teacher in a senior position, for example, he earned a monthly income of around
40,000-50,000 euros (about Rp 50 million to Rp 60 million per month). When compared with the salaries of professors in
Indonesia is about $ 2 million (data 2005). To be teachers, including
lecturers, it is not easy because it will be the backbone in ensuring the
quality of education of the nation. If he accepted to be a teacher, salary per month
is the lowest is about 25,000 euros, or about USD 30 million, plus a variety of
other supporting facilities, all already available, homes, vehicles,
subsistence, health insurance, annuity, all already borne by the government. So a teacher really concentrate on teaching and
educating the children, and devote energy and his mind to it.
Therefore , for the appointment of teachers ,
including professors , held a very strict selection acceptance and tested . This is supported by studies that claim that the
French teacher is one of the three professional groups who get welfare are the
highest of the government , the first law enforcement officers ( Judge , Attorney / Lawyer ) , the second is the public employees ( Waiter community : the doctor , the local government , and others ) .
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